Effect of systemic ozone therapy as a biomodulator of tissue regeneration and inflammatory response in rats / Efeito da terapia sistêmica de ozônio como um biomodulador da regeneração tecidual e da resposta inflamatória em ratos

Introduction Among the therapeutic effects of ozone therapy, improvement in cell metabolism and peripheral tissue oxygenation have been highlighted. Objective to evaluate the systemic effect of bio-oxidative therapy with ozone gas on wound healing. Material and method Tissue lesions with a circumference of 1.0 cm were induced in the skin on the back of 24 male Wistar rats. The animals were randomly divided into two groups: 1) Group C (control; n=12): with simulation of the application of ozone gas via the rectum and, 2) Group O3 (test; n=12): with application of ozone gas by means of rectal insufflation at a concentration of 50 µg/mL. The animals were euthanized at seven and 15 days, and samples were removed, fixed in formalin, and submitted to macroscopic, histological, and histometric analyses. Result The animals in the O3 group presented mixed inflammation at seven days, which translated into an absence of inflammation at 15 days. The C group exhibited acute inflammation on the 7th day, translating to chronic inflammation, which significantly increased from the 7th to the 15th day. The findings showed that the O3 group presented greater wound contraction (P<0.05) and a greater degree of neovascularization on the 7th day (P<0.05) when compared to group C. On the 15th day, both groups (O3 and C) showed complete re-epithelialization, however, the O3 group demonstrated complete muscle regeneration. Conclusion The systemic ozone therapy had a biomodulatory effect, reducing the characteristics of acute inflammation and increasing tissue repair and regeneration in rat skin.

Introdução Dentre os efeitos terapêuticos da ozonioterapia, destacam-se a melhora do metabolismo celular e da oxigenação dos tecidos periféricos. Objetivo avaliar o efeito sistêmico da terapia bio-oxidativa com gás ozônio na cicatrização de feridas. Material e método Lesões teciduais com circunferência de 1,0 cm foram induzidas na pele do dorso de 24 ratos Wistar machos. Os animais foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: 1) Grupo C (controle; n = 12): com simulação da aplicação de gás ozônio pelo reto e, 2) Grupo O3 (teste; n = 12): com aplicação de gás ozônio por meio de insuflação retal na concentração de 50 µg / mL. Os animais foram sacrificados com sete e 15 dias, e as amostras foram retiradas, fixadas em formalina e submetidas às análises macroscópica, histológica e histométrica. Resultado Os animais do grupo O3 apresentaram inflamação mista aos sete dias, que se traduziu em ausência de inflamação aos 15 dias. O grupo C apresentou inflamação aguda no 7º dia, traduzindo-se em inflamação crônica, que aumentou significativamente do 7º para o 15º dia. Os achados mostraram que o grupo O3 apresentou maior contração da ferida (P <0,05) e maior grau de neovascularização no 7º dia (P <0,05) quando comparado ao grupo C. No 15º dia, ambos os grupos (O3 e C) apresentaram completa reepitelização, entretanto, o grupo O3 demonstrou completa regeneração muscular. Conclusão A ozonioterapia sistêmica teve efeito biomodulador, reduzindo as características de inflamação aguda e aumentando a reparação e regeneração tecidual na pele de ratos.

Microbiological effect of glass ionomer cement added by chlorhexidine diacetate / Efeito microbiológico do cimento de ionômero de vidro acrescido de diacetato de clorexidina

Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the microbiological effectiveness of the glass ionomer cement added by 1% chlorhexidine diacetate. Methods: The antimicrobial activity was performed through the test of halo formation to inhibit Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Candida albicans (C. albicans) in the following groups: Group 1: glass ionomer cement (GIC), Group 2: GIC added by 1% chlorhexidine diacetate, Group 3: chlorhexidine digluconate solution at 0.12% and Group 4: chlorhexidine digluconate solution at 2%. The halo inhibition area was measured in square millimeter (mm²), at 24 and 48 hours after incubation (37o.C). Results: The chlorhexidine digluconate solution at 2% (group 4), used as a positive control had a significantly higher antimicrobial effect than the other groups (groups 1, 2 and 3) and against all the microorganisms tested (p<0.01, Kruskal-Wallis test). The glass ionomer cement added by 1.0% chorhexidine diacetate (group 2) showed a statistically higher antimicrobial effect against S. aureus and S. mutans species than groups 1 and 3 (p<0.01). Conclusion: It was concluded that the addition of 1% chlorhexidine diacetate enriched GIC functions demonstrated by the effectiveness in growth inhibition of Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus.

Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito antimicrobiano do cimento de ionômero de vidro acrescido de diacetato de clorexidina a 1%. Métodos: A atividade antimicrobiana foi realizada por meio do teste de formação de halo de inibição de Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) e Candida albicans (C. albicans) nos seguintes grupos: Grupo 1: cimento de ionômero de vidro (CIV), Grupo 2: CIV acrescido de 1% de diacetato de clorexidina, Grupo 3: solução de digluconato de clorexidina a 0,12% e Grupo 4: solução de digluconato de clorexidina a 2%. A área do halo de inibição foi medida em milímetros quadrados (mm²),nos períodos de 24 e 48 horas após incubação (37ºC). Resultados: A solução de digluconato de clorexidina a 2% (grupo 4), utilizada como um controle positivo apresentou efeito antimicrobiano significativamente maior do que os outros grupos (grupos 1, 2 e 3), contra todos os microrganismos testados (p <0,01, teste de Kruskal-Wallis). O cimento de ionômero de vidro acrescido de 1% de diacetato de clorexidina (grupo 2) demonstrou efeito antimicrobiano estatisticamente maior do que os grupos 1 e 3, contra as espécies S. aureus e S. mutans (p <0,01). Conclusão: Conclui-se que a adição de 1% de diacetato de clorexidina enriqueceu as funções do cimento de ionômero de vidro demonstradas pela efetividade em inibir o crescimento de Streptococcus mutans e Staphylococcus aureus.

Influence of obesity on experimental periodontitis in rats: histopathological, histometric and immunohistochemical study.

OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the influence of obesity on the progression of ligature-induced periodontitis in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-eight adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: the HL group (n = 24) was fed high-fat animal food to induce obesity, and the NL group (n = 24) was fed normolipidic animal food. Obesity was induced within a period of 120 days, and the induction of experimental periodontitis (EP) was subsequently performed for 30 days. The animals were euthanized after 7, 15, and 30 days, and the jaws were removed for histopathological, histometric, and immunohistochemical analyses. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa beta ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) were analyzed via immunolabeling. RESULTS: Histological findings indicated that the inflammation was more extensive and lasted longer in the HL/EP; however, advanced destruction also occurred in the NL/EP. Greater bone loss was verified in the HL/EP group (2.28 ± 0.35) in the period of 7 days than in the NL/EP group (1.2 ± 0.29). High immunolabeling was identified in the HL/EP group in the initial periods for RANKL and TRAP, whereas the NL/EP group presented with moderate immunolabeling for both factors. The HL/EP and NL/EP groups showed low immunolabeling for OPG. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity induced by a high-fat diet influenced alveolar bone metabolism when associated with experimental periodontitis and caused a more severe local inflammatory response and alveolar bone loss. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Obesity is related to greater alveolar bone loss and an accentuated local inflammatory response, which may be reflected in the clinical severity of periodontitis and dental loss.

Periodontal Disease and Body Weight Assessment in Children.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess body weight and periodontal disease development in obese and normal weight children. METHODS: Eighty-eight 5- to 10-year-old children participated in this study. Periodontal measurements included the visible plaque index (VPI), community periodontal index (CPI), and bleeding on probing (BOP). Complete periodontal examinations were performed in some children with CPI codes three and four. Anthropometric examination consisted of body mass index (BMI, kg/m2), which was adjusted by age according to percentiles. The groups were divided into children of normal weight (N=43, BMI less than 85 per age) and obese children (N=45, BMI greater than 97 per age). RESULTS: The results showed that the obesity group showed significant proportions of CPI codes one (44.2%) and three (7.4%), when compared with normal weight subjects (P<0.05). VPI was similar between both groups (P>0.05). BOP was higher in obese patients than in children with normal weight (P<0.05). CPI zero was more prevalent in normal weight subjects (62.6%, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Obese children seem to be more susceptible to periodontal disease.

Oral conditions and body weight in children from a public school in Manaus, AM, Brazil / Condições orais e peso corporal em crianças de uma escola pública de Manaus, AM, Brasil

Introduction: Some studies have pointed to links between the prevalence of caries and periodontal disease, and the occurrence of overweight or obesity; but, few studies have been conducted in children. Objective: To assess the relationship between periodontal disease, tooth decay and body weight in children from a public school in Manaus, AM, Brazil. Material and method: The study included one hundred and sixty-nine children. Records were obtained of decayed, missing and filled (DMFT) permanent teeth, and of decayed, extracted, or filled (DEF) deciduous teeth, as well as the record of the community periodontal index (CPI). The classification of body weight category was obtained in percentile using the z-Score table. Result: Higher averages of weight and body mass index (BMI) were seen in the overweight and obesity groups (p<0.05). All groups were similar regarding the DMFT /DEF and CPI codes from 0 to 4 (p>0.05). All groups showed higher averages of CPI 0 in comparison with other CPI codes from 1 to 4 (p<0.05), and most of the children showed sites with probing depth <3.5 mm and without bleeding on probing. Conclusion: There was no relationship between body weight and the occurrence of dental caries and periodontal disease in the studied population. Obesity and overweight showed no negative influence on the increase in the prevalence of these diseases.

Introdução: Estudos têm apontado para relações existentes entre prevalência de cárie e doença periodontal e ocorrência de sobrepeso ou obesidade, porém poucos estudos foram conduzidos em crianças. Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre doença periodontal, cárie e peso corporal em crianças de uma escola pública de Manaus – AM, Brasil. Material e método: Cento e sessenta e nove crianças foram incluídas no estudo. Registros foram obtidos, tais como, dentes cariados, perdidos e obturados na dentição permanente (CPO-D) e cariados, com extração indicada e obturados em decíduos (ceo), além do registro do índice periodontal comunitário (CPI). A classificação da categoria de peso corporal foi obtida em percentil pela tabela Escore-z. Resultado: Maiores médias de peso e índice de massa corporal (IMC) foram verificados nos grupos com sobrepeso e obesidade (p<0,05). Todos os grupos foram semelhantes com relação aos códigos do CPO-D/ceo e CPI de 0 a 4 (p>0,05). Todos os grupos apresentaram maiores médias de CPI 0 em comparação aos demais códigos CPI de 1 a 4 (p<0,05), ou seja, a maioria das crianças apresentou sítios com profundidade de sondagem <3,5 mm e sem sangramento à sondagem. Conclusão: Não houve relação entre o peso corporal com a ocorrência de cárie dental e doença periodontal nessa população estudada. A obesidade e o sobrepeso não mostraram influência negativa para o aumento da prevalência dessas doenças.

Tratamento periodontal em adolescente e avaliação do grau de severidade inflamatória gengival / Periodontal treatment and the severity of inflammatory disease in the adolescent ­ a case report

O objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar um caso avaliando os aspectos inflamatórios gengivais antes e após o tratamento periodontal não cirúrgico em uma paciente adolescente. Uma menina de 14 anos de idade apresentou-se com queixa principal de ausência das restaurações protéticas nos dentes 36 e 46. O índice de placa inicial era de 96%, e o exame radiográfico detectou perda óssea alveolar incipiente nos dentes 16 e 26 (coroas de aço inoxidável) com média de perda óssea próxima aos 3 mm. Após 60 dias de tratamento, o índice gengival (IG) final foi reduzido em 50% (de 1,6 para 0,5, teste de Qui-quadrado, p < 0,0001) com melhora signifi cativa nos graus 0 e 2. Ainda, os valores de profundidade de sondagem (2 mm para 1,7 mm) e sangramento (SS) ­ 90% contra 30% do sítios ­ também mostraram melhora signifi cativa (testes de Wilcoxon e McNemar, p < 0,001). Pode-se concluir que, apesar de haver influência dos hormônios sobre os tecidos periodontais durante a puberdade, com o aumento da condição inflamatória, o controle da placa bacteriana mostrou-se mais importante para a determinação da presença de saúde ou doença periodontal. A motivação e o acompanhamento constante desses pacientes em fase puberal são importantes para o controle de placa.

The aim of this study was to present a case assessing the inflammatory gingival aspects before and after non-surgical periodontal treatment in the adolescent patient. A 14-years-old girl presented with a chief complaint of absence of prosthetic restorations on teeth36 and 46. The initial plaque index was 96%, and the radiographic examination detected incipient alveolar bone loss for teeth 16 and 26 (stainless steel crowns) with a mean bone loss up to 3 mm. After 60 days of therapy, the gingival index (GI) was reduced by 50% (from 1.6 to 0.5, Chi-square test, p < 0.0001) with significant improvement in 0 and 2 scores. Also, probing depth (2 mm to 1.7 mm) and bleeding on probing (SS) ­ 90% versus 30% of the sites ­ values also showed signifi cant improvements (Wilcoxon and McNemar's tests, p < 0.001). It can be concluded that, although the hormonal imbalance can affect the periodontal tissues during puberty increasing the inflammatory condition, plaque control was more important to determine the presence of health or periodontal disease. Motivation and constant monitoring of these patients at the pubertal stage are fundamental.

Avaliação de doença periodontal e cárie em escolares adolescentes de Barretos, interior de São Paulo / Evaluation of periodontal disease and caries in school teens from Barretos, São Paulo

Objetivo: avaliar as necessidades de tratamento odontológico de adolescentes de uma escola privada da cidade de Barretos/SP. Material e métodos: adolescentes avaliados entre 12 e 18 anos de idade, incluídos no estudo após o consentimento de seus pais/ responsáveis, que assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. A condição bucal desses pacientes foi avaliada por meio da aplicação do índice periodontal comunitário (CPI), índice de placa visível (IPV) e índice de dentes permanentes cariados, perdidos e obturados (CPO-D). Resultados: foram incluídos no estudo 109 adolescentes, sendo 58 homens e 51 mulheres, com média de idade de 14,1 ± 1,67 anos e porcentagem média de IPV de 60,15 ± 38,7. O código 0 do CPI apresentou maior frequência média (3,3 ± 2,1), seguido pelo código 1 (2,4 ± 1,8), sem diferenças estatísticas. Com relação ao CPO-D, verificou-se que a média de dentes hígidos foi a maior de todas (23,15 ± 6,6). Conclusão: pôde-se concluir que a população estudada apresentou baixo índice de cárie, porém, grande proporção de inflamação gengival e acúmulo de biofilme dental, sendo necessária ênfase especializada para um adequado controle de placa, especialmente nos sulcos gengivais.

Objectives: to evaluate the needs of dental treatment of teenagers from a private school in the city of Barretos/SP. Material and methods: adolescents between 12 and 18 years of age were assessed after the consent of their parents/guardians by signing the consent form and informed (IC). The oral health status of these patients was evaluated by applying the community periodontal index (CPI), visible plaque index (IPV) and the decayed, missing and filled permanent teeth index (DMF-T). Results: this study included 109 teenagers, 58 men and 51 women, with mean age 14.1 ± 1.67 years and VPI mean of 60.15 ± 38.7. The CPI code zero showed the highest frequency of average (3.3 ± 2.1), followed by the code 1 (2.4 ± 1.8), without statistical differences among them. Considering the DMF-T, the highest average was found for the healthy teeth (23.15 ± 6.6). Conclusion: it can be concluded that the population studied showed a low rate of tooth decay, but showed a high proportion of gingival inflammation and dental biofilm accumulation, requiring specialized emphasis to adequate plaque control, especially in the gingival crevice.

Periodontal treatment in a patient with generalized idiopathic dystonia.

Dystonia is a neurological disorder that can cause constant muscle contractions and motor limitations. This work reports a clinical case of periodontal treatment in a patient with generalized idiopathic dystonia. The intraoral clinical examination was focused on the presence of caries and periodontal diseases. The plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD), and bleeding on probing (BOP) were measured. Initially, oral hygiene instruction was provided using a soft conventional toothbrush and dental floss, but the clinical results achieved using these methods were inadequate. Alternative methods of plaque removal were offered, such as the use of a power toothbrush and a dental floss fork, which resulted in improvement in the PI, PD, and BOP and allowed the patient to undergo periodontal surgery for the restoration of subgingival caries. Our results suggested that generalized idiopathic dystonia leads to motor limitations that may cause difficulty with regard to plaque control, but adaptations of the methods used for oral hygiene may improve the oral health conditions in these patients.

Tratamento cirúrgico de freio labial anormal / Surgical removal of abnormal labial frenulum

O freio labial torna-se um problema se sua inserção está próxima à gengiva marginal, ou quando mantém sua inserção na papila palatina, transformando-se em uma grossa faixa de tecido denominado freio labial anormal. Esta é uma das causas do diastema interincisal. Para solucionar este problema existem cirurgias periodontais como a frenectomia e a frenotomia. O objetivo deste trabalho foi mostrar a remoção cirúrgica de um freio com inserção anormal superior, utilizando a associação das técnicas de frenectomia e de frenotomia labial. Paciente com 21 anos de idade, do sexo masculino, procurou atendimento odontológico com queixa estética, relatando constrangimento ao sorrir por seus dentes anteriores superiores apresentarem diastema. Durante exame clínico foi observado freio labial proeminente inserido na gengiva papilar dos incisivos centrais superiores, que ao ser tracionado, causava isquemia papilar. O exame radiográfico mostrou ausência de lesões patológicas. Considerando a localização da inserção do freio labial, o tratamento eleito foi a frenotomia labial superior associada à frenectomia palatina. No pós-operatório de sete dias não houve relato de dor, o edema era mínimo, não havia sinais de infecção e o tecido apresentava-se com boa condição de reparo tecidual. Após seis meses, houve completa cicatrização tecidual, ausência de inflamação ou sintomatologia dolorosa e condição clínica adequada para a realização do tratamento ortodôntico. Concluiu-se que a cirurgia com associação das técnicas de frenectomia e frenotomia do freio labial pode ser considerada opção de tratamento cirúrgico seguro, com prognóstico favorável em longo prazo.

Labial frenulum becomes a problem if their insertion is near the marginal gingiva, or when you keep their insertion in the palatine papilla, turning into a coarse band of tissue, called abnormal labial frenulum. This is one of the causes of interincisal diastema. To solve this problem there are periodontal surgery as frenectomy and frenotomy. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the surgical removal of a brake with upper abnormal insertion, using the association of frenectomy and frenotomy labial techniques. Patient 21 years of age, male, came for dental care esthetic complaint, reporting constraint to smile for your upper front teeth present diastema. During clinical exam was observed prominent labial frenulum inserted in the papillary gingiva of the maxillary central incisors, that to the being tractioned, was causing papillary ischemia. Radiographic exam present with the absence of pathologic lesions. Considering the location of the insertion of the labial frenulum, treatment was elected the upper labial frenotomy associated with palatine frenectomy. Postoperatively 7 days there was no report of pain, the edema it was minimal, there were no signs of infection and the tissue presented with good condition of tissue repair. After 6 months, there was complete tissue healing, absence of inflammation or painful symptomatology and adequate clinical condition for the completion of orthodontic treatment. It is concluded that surgery with a combination of techniques of frenectomy and frenotomy the labial frenulum can be considered safe surgical treatment option with a favorable prognosis in the long term.

Avaliação histomorfométrica da associação entre biovidro e osso bovino liofilizado no tratamento de defeitos ósseos críticos criados em calvárias de ratos. Estudo piloto / Histomorphometric evaluation of the association between bioglass and lyophilized bovine bone in the treatment of critical bone defects created on rat calvaria: a pilot study

Objetivo: Avaliar histomorfometricamente o efeito de biovidro (B), osso bovino liofilizado (OB) ou da mistura desses dois biomateriais (B/OB - 1:1) no reparo de defeitos ósseos críticos em calvária de ratos. Material e Método: Defeitos ósseos (8 mm Ø) foram criados cirurgicamente na calvária de 24 ratos, distribuídos em 4 grupos com 6 animais, de acordo com o tipo de biomaterial: coágulo sanguíneo (GC), biovidro (GB), osso bovino liofilizado (GOB) e a mistura desses dois biomateriais (GB/OB). Os animais foram eutanasiados após 15 e 60 dias do procedimento cirúrgico (3 animais por período). A avaliação histológica foi baseada na descrição da morfologia dos tecidos neoformados, enquanto para a avaliação histomorfométrica foi realizada quantificação da porcentagem de tecido ósseo, de tecido conjuntivo fibroso neoformados e de biomaterial remanescente no defeito ósseo. Resultado: Nos dois períodos experimentais, a análise histológica apresentou neoformação óssea, principalmente nas bordas dos defeitos, e ao redor de partículas de biomateriais remanescentes. A avaliação histomorfométrica demonstrou que no período de 15 dias o grupo GC apresentou maior percentagem de tecido ósseo em relação aos demais grupos estudados, enquanto que aos 60 dias o grupo GOB apresentou maior porcentagem de tecido ósseo em relação ao grupo GB. Conclusão: O osso bovino liofilizado apresentou maior formação óssea em relação ao biovidro, mas nenhum dos biomateriais foi superior ao coágulo. A associação do biovidro e osso bovino liofilizado não adicionou vantagem à formação óssea. .

Objective: This study sought to histomorphometrically evaluate the effect of bioglass (B), lyophilized bovine bone (BB) or the 1:1 mixture of these two biomaterials on the repair of critical bone defects in rat calvaria. Material and Method: Bone defects (8 mm Ø) were surgically created in the calvaria of 24 rats, which were divided into the following 4 groups of 6 animals each according to the type of biomaterial used: blood clot / coagulum (control) group (CG), bioglass group (BG), lyophilized bovine bone group (BBG) and a group receiving a mixture of these two biomaterials (BG/BB). The animals were euthanized at 15 or 60 days after surgery (3 animals per period). Histological evaluation was based on the morphological description of the newly formed tissues, and a quantification of the percentage of bone tissue with newly formed fibrous connective tissue and the percentage of biomaterial remaining in the bone defect was performed for the histomorphometric evaluation. Result: In both experimental periods, the histological analysis showed new bone formation, especially at the edges of the defects and around remaining biomaterial particles. Histomorphometric analysis showed that the CG contained a higher percentage of bone tissue over the 15-day period compared to that of the other groups. At 60 days, the BBG showed a higher percentage of bone tissue compared to that of the BG (p <0.01). Conclusion: Lyophilized bovine bone led to greater bone formation compared to bioglass, but none of the biomaterials was superior to blood clot. Moreover, the combination of bioglass and lyophilized bovine bone did not provide an advantage for bone formation. .

Effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on periodontally infected tooth sockets in rats.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in alveolar treatment of areas with induced periodontitis. Thirty male Wistar rats were subjected to ligature-induced periodontal disease (PD) in the first left inferior molars, while the right side molars did not receive ligatures. After 7 days of PD evolution, ligatures were removed from the left side, and the first left and right mandibular molars were extracted. Afterwards, animals were divided into groups according to the following treatments: control (C)--no treatment; mechanical debridement (MD)--mechanical debridement and irrigation with saline solution; and aPDT--mechanical debridement, irrigation with toluidine blue O (TBO), and 1 min of laser irradiation (GaAlAs, 660 nm, 30 mW, 32 J/cm(2), 60 s). Ligatures were removed and samples of the alveolar content after extraction and after each treatment were collected for microbial processing by real-time polymerase chain reaction with specific primers for Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Treponema denticola. Data were submitted to statistical analysis by multiple comparison tests (McNemar test; p < 0.05). T. denticola was not found in the collected samples. A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis were found in ligature samples. Tooth socket samples without periodontitis induction presented lesser microbial charge than samples with induced periodontitis (p < 0.05). aPDT significantly reduced A. actinomycetemcomitans levels on the left side (p < 0.05). It was concluded that aPDT was an effective antimicrobial treatment for tooth sockets in areas affected by induced periodontitis.

Satisfação e qualidade de vida de paciente com prótese unitária implantossuportada: caso clínico / Satisfaction and quality of life in a patient with implant-supported single-tooth crown: a case report

Questionários que quantificam dados subjetivos podem ser úteis para registrar a opinião dos pacientes. O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar a aplicação dos questionários de satisfação e de qualidade de vida em uma paciente tratada por meio de prótese unitária implantossuportada. Para isto, foi incluída uma paciente que teve implante dentário osseointegrável instalado em área estética. A satisfação estética e funcional focando a mastigação, fonação e autoestima foi avaliada por meio de uma Escala Visual Analógica (escala de zero a dez) e a Qualidade de Vida o foi por meio do questionário OHIP-14. O valor de satisfação estética obtido foi de 9,7, enquanto no quesito fonação, o valor encontrado foi de 9,9 resultando em média de 9,8, mostrando efetividade do tratamento e uma alta satisfação da paciente. O valor total obtido pela avaliação do OHIP-14 foi de 0,45, o que sugere boa qualidade de vida. Dentro dos limites do presente caso clínico, sugere-se que os questionários empregados sejam de fácil preenchimento, eficientes em quantificar as sensações da paciente e que a reabilitação implantossuportada levou à melhora na satisfação e qualidade de vida...

Questionnaires that quantify subjective data may be useful to register the opinion of the patients. The objective of this study was to test the use of questionnaires concerning the satisfaction and quality of live in a patient treated by means of a single-tooth implantsupported crown. Thus, a patient was included that had an osseointegrated implant installed in esthetic area. The satisfaction concerning esthetics and function focusing on mastication, speech and self-esteem was evaluated using a visual analog scale (ranging from zero to ten), and Quality of Live by means of the OHIP-14 questionnaire. The esthetic satisfaction value obtained was 9.7, while in the item speech, the value was 9.9 (range from 0 to 10), resulting in an average of 9.8, showing effectiveness in the treatment and high patient satisfaction. The total value obtained with OHIP-14 was 0.45, suggesting good quality of live. Within the limits of this case report, it may be suggested that the questionnaires are easy to fill, efficient to quantify the feelings of the patient, and that the implant-supported rehabilitation led to improved satisfaction and quality of life...

Relação entre obesidade e doenças periodontais em crianças e adolescentes / Relationship between obesity and periodontal disease in children and adolescents

Alguns estudos têm sugerido que a obesidade é uma condição inflamatória que pode estar relacionada com o aumento da prevalência, severidade e progressão das doenças periodontais em adultos. No entanto, poucos estudos relevantes foram realizados em crianças e adolescentes obesos, de grupos de idades específicas, evidenciando-se que mais estudos são necessários para suportar a hipótese de que a obesidade infantil pode estar associada à doença periodontal. O objetivo desta revisão de literatura foi melhor investigar o nível de evidência científica da relação entre a doença periodontal e a obesidade em crianças e adolescentes. A partir dos trabalhos revisados, sugere-se que a obesidade pode ser associada com a doença periodontal em crianças e adolescentes. Porém, essa relação não está completamente elucidada, sendo necessários mais estudos com avaliação dos fatores que podem influenciar nessa relação. Além disso, uma abordagem multiprofissional se faz necessária, uma vez que o número de crianças e adolescentes obesos é crescente, e essa condição pode trazer efeitos prejudiciais, tanto para a saúde oral quanto geral.

Some studies have suggested that obesity is an inflammatory condition may be related to the increased prevalence, severity and progression of periodontal disease in adults. However, few relevant studies were performed in obese children and adolescents in specific age groups, indicating that further studies are needed to support the hypothesis that obesity may be associated with periodontal disease. The aim of this review was show the relationship between periodontal disease and obesity in children and adolescents. From the studies reviewed, it is suggested that obesity in children and adolescents can be associated with periodontal disease. However, this relationship is not completely elucidated, more research is needed to assess the factors that may influence this relationship. In addition, a team approach is required, since the number of obese children and adolescents is increasing and this condition may bring harmful effects both for the oral and systemic health.

Multiple marginal tissue recession treated with a simplified lateral sliding flap technique.

Marginal tissue recession is a common esthetic problem that is usually accompanied by dentin sensitivity, and patients frequently report a fear of dental loss. Lateral sliding flaps have been used for localized recession, but they are rarely used for multiple recessions. The aim of this paper was to report a case of coverage of multiple marginal tissue recessions by means of a lateral sliding flap associated with a connective tissue graft. This was a modification of Nelson's technique, which was originally described as the combination of the double papilla technique, lateral sliding flap, and connective tissue graft. In the present case, double papilla was not performed, rendering the maneuver less complicated. After surgery on teeth #23 to #25, total root coverage, decreased dentin sensitivity, and increased keratinized tissue band and gingival thickness were achieved. In the present case, modified Nelson technique proved to be a more simple procedure for the treatment of multiple recessions in one session, resulting in adequate healing, predictable root coverage, and, more importantly, esthetic and functional success.

Bone-implant contact around crestal and subcrestal dental implants submitted to immediate and conventional loading.

The present study aims to evaluate the influence of apicocoronal position and immediate and conventional loading in the percentage of bone-implant contact (BIC). Thus, 36 implants were inserted in the edentulous mandible from six dogs. Three implants were installed in each hemimandible, in different positions in relation to the ridge: Bone Level (at crestal bone level), Minus 1 (one millimeter apical to crestal bone), and Minus 2 (two millimeters apical to crestal bone). In addition, each hemimandible was submitted to a loading protocol: immediate (prosthesis installed 24 hours after implantation) or conventional (prosthesis installed 120 days after implantation). Ninety days after, animals were killed, and implant and adjacent tissues were prepared for histometric analysis. BIC values from immediate loaded implants were 58.7%, 57.7%, and 51.1%, respectively, while conventional loaded implants were 61.8%, 53.8%, and 68.4%. Differences statistically significant were not observed among groups (P = 0.10, ANOVA test). These findings suggest that different apicocoronal positioning and loading protocols evaluated did not interfere in the percentage of bone-implant contact, suggesting that these procedures did not jeopardize osseointegration.

Raspagem radicular cirúrgica associada a enxerto conjuntivo para prevenção de recessão pós-operatória / Surgical root scaling associated with connective graft to prevent postoperative recession

O tratamento cirúrgico da doença periodontal pode ocasionar recessão gengival, causando alterações estéticas e sensibilidade cervical. Assim, este artigo teve como objetivo apresentar um caso clínico onde foi realizada a associação das técnicas de raspagem em campo aberto e enxerto conjuntivo com retalho posicionado coronalmente, a fim de prevenir a recessão pós-operatória. Após o tratamento periodontal básico, optou-se por realizar o tratamento periodontal cirúrgico, por meio de retalho total para visualização e raspagem da região. Após raspagem radicular e remoção do tecido de granulação, removeu-se o enxerto de tecido conjuntivo do palato, que foi suturado ao retalho. Este foi então posicionado coronalmente e suturado. Após três meses, o nível gengival estava estável e não foram detectados sinais de atividade da doença periodontal. Assim, pôde-se concluir que a técnica utilizada mostrou-se efetiva para o tratamento da doença periodontal, tendo sido capaz de prevenir a recessão pós-operatória.

Perfil bucal de pacientes oncológicos e controle de infeccão em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva / Oral profile of cancer patients and infection control in the intensive care unit

A frequência de biofilme bucal e de patógenos bucais e respiratórios tem sido maior em pacientes internados em unidades de terapia intensiva (UTIs). Objetivo: Avaliar o perfil bucal de pacientes oncológicos e o efeito dos cuidados bucais no controle de infecção em unidades de terapia intensiva (UTI) da Fundação Pio XII - Hospital de Câncer de Barretos, SP. Materiais e Métodos: No período de março a maio de 2011,73 pacientes foram acompanhados durante o período de internação na UTI da Fundação Pio XII. Foi avaliado perfil bucal: dentes hígidos, restaurados e cariados, presença de biofilme dental, saburra lingual, eritema, úlcera, mucosite, candidíase e o efeito do tratamento da higiene bucal com clorexidina 0,12%, tratamento de candidíase com antifúngico e de mucosite com laser. O teste de Spearman verificou correlação entre os aspectos clínicos e o tempo de internação na UTI (a=0,05). Resultados: A taxa de letalidade foi de 21,9% após internação na UTI e estava relacionada com os maiores períodos de permanência na UTI (r=O,7; p=O,0003). Sendo decorrente em 25% à septicemia (r=0,74; p<0,0001) e em 12,5% à pneumonia nosocomial (r=0,46; p=O,03). Houve redução significante da frequência de biofilme dental (43,5%) e de saburra lingual (19,2%) com o protocolo proposto. Conclusão: O protocolo de diagnóstico e tratamento das alterações bucais em pacientes oncológicos durante internação em UTI foi capaz de reduzir o risco à infecção hospitalar, de diminuir a morbidade nesses pacientes e de melhorar a condição bucal dos mesmos

The frequency of oral biofilm and oral and respiratory pathogens has been higher in patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs). The objective was to evaluate the oral profile of cancer patients and evaluate the effect of oral care in the control of infection in intensive care unit (ICU) of Pio XII Foundation - Cancer Hospital of Barretos, SP. From March to May 2011,73 patients had been followed during the ICU stay of Pio XII Foundation. Oral profile: Healthy, restored and carious teeth, presence of dental plaque, tongue coating, erythema, ulcers, mucositis, candidiasis were analyzed. It was verified the effect of a oral care protocol involving diagnosis and treatment: oral hygiene was treated with 0.12% chlorhexidine, the candidiasis was treated by antifungal and the stomatitis was treated by laser. The Spearman test found correlation between clinical features and duration of ICU stay (a=0.05). The fatality rate was 21.9% after ICU admission and was associated with longer periods of stay in the ICU (r=0.7, p=0.0003). 25 % being due to septicemia (r=0.74, p<0,0001) and 12.5% by nosocomial pneumonia (r=0.46 , p=0.03). A significant reduction in the frequency of dental biofilm (43.5%) and tongue coating (19.2%) was observed with the proposed protocol. It was concluded that the protocol of diagnosis and treatment of oral abnormalities in cancer patients during ICU stay was able to reduce the risk of hospital infection, to reduce morbidity in these patients and to improve the oral health status of them

Framingham cardiovascular risk in patients with obesity and periodontitis.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is a chronic inflammatory condition that has been associated to a risk factor for the development of periodontitis and cardiovascular disease; however, the relationship still needs to be clarified. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cardiovascular risk in obese patients with chronic periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 87 obese patients were evaluated for anthropometric data (body mass index [BMI], waist circumference, body fat), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides, glycemia and periodontal parameters (visible plaque index (VPI), gingival bleeding index (GBI), bleeding on probing (BOP), periodontal probing depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL)). RESULTS: PATIENTS WERE DIVIDED INTO TWO GROUPS ACCORDING TO THE PERIODONTAL CHARACTERISTICS FOUND: Group O-PD: Obese patients with chronic periodontitis (n = 45), 22 men and 23 women; and Group O-sPD: Obese patients without chronic periodontitis (n = 42), 17 men and 25 women. Patients had a BMI mean of 35.2 (±5.1) kg/m(2) . Group O-PD showed a similarity between the genders regarding age, SBP, DBP, cholesterol, HDL, GBI, VPI, PPD ≥4 mm and CAL ≥4 mm. O-PD women showed greater glycemia level and smoking occurrence, but O-PD men presented a 13% - risk over of developing coronary artery disease in 10 years than O-PD women, 9% - risk over than O-sPD men and 15% - risk over than O-sPD women, by the Framingham Score. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that obesity and periodontal disease are cardiovascular risk factors and that the two associated inflammatory conditions potentially increases the risk for heart diseases.

Cardiovascular risk in obese patients with chronic periodontitis: a clinical controlled study / Risco cardiovascular em pacientes obesos com periodontite crônica: estudo clínico controlado

Introduction: Studies have shown that obesity is considered a risk factor for the development of periodontal disease and cardiovascular events. Objective: The objective was to evaluate the risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in obese patients with and without periodontal. Material and Method: One hundred patients were divided into four groups: Group O - obese without chronic periodontitis (n=25); Group OP - obese with chronic periodontitis (n=25); Group NO - non-obese without chronic periodontitis (n=25); and Group NOP - non-obese with chronic periodontitis (n=25). Demographic and laboratorial data (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein - HDL and low-density lipoprotein - LDL, triglycerides, and glucose); anthropometric measurements (body mass index - BMI; waist circumference - WC; body fat - BF); blood pressure; and periodontal parameters (bleeding on probing - BOP, periodontal probing depth - PPD, and the clinical attachment level - CAL) were evaluated. Cardiovascular risk was obtained according to the PROCAM's score. The correlation between obesity, periodontal disease and risk for CVD was verified by Spearman's test (α = 0.05). Result: The group OP showed a statistically higher rate of PPD ≥ 7 mm (11.2 ± 2.03) when compared with other groups, as well as higher levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL (p<0.05). The risk for CVD was statistically higher in the group OP (28.1 ± 3.3) when compared with group O (16.5 ± 3.5), group NOP (12.8 ± 3.9), and group NO (7.7 ± 0.9). Obesity and periodontal disease are directly related to a moderate increase in CVD risk (r = 0.53, p <0.0001 and r = 0.62, p <0.0001, respectively). Conclusion: It was concluded that obesity and periodontal disease increases the risk to cardiovascular events.

Introdução: Estudos têm demonstrado que a obesidade tem sido considerada um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de doença periodontal e dos eventos cardiovasculares. Objetivo: Avaliar o risco às doenças cardiovasculares (DCVs) em pacientes obesos com e sem doença periodontal. Material e Método: Participaram do estudo 100 pacientes, os quais foram divididos em quatro grupos: Grupo O - obeso sem periodontite crônica (n=25), Grupo OP - obeso com periodontite crônica (n=25), Grupo NO - não obeso sem periodontite crônica (n=25), Grupo NOP - não obeso com periodontite crônica (n=25). Foram avaliados dados demográficos e laboratoriais (colesterol total, lipoproteína de alta densidade - HDL e de baixa densidade - LDL, triglicérides e glicemia), dados antropométricos (índice de massa corporal - IMC; circunferência abdominal - CA; gordura corporal - GC), pressão arterial e parâmetros periodontais (sangramento à sondagem - SS, profundidade de sondagem - PS e nível de inserção clínico - NIC). O risco cardiovascular foi obtido baseado no escore de PROCAM. A correlação entre obesidade, doença periodontal e risco às DCVs foi verificado pelo teste de Spearman ((α=0,05). Resultado: O grupo OP apresentou estatisticamente maior quantidade de sítios com PS ≥ 7 mm (11,2±2,03) quando comparado aos outros grupos (p<0,05). Os níveis de triglicérides, colesterol total e LDL foram estatisticamente maiores no grupo OP. O risco às DCVs foi estatisticamente maior no grupo OP (28,1±3,3) quando comparado ao grupo O (16,5±3,5), grupo NOP (12,8±3,9) e grupo NO (7,7±0,9). A obesidade e a doença periodontal estão diretamente relacionadas com um aumento moderado do risco DCVs (r=0,53; p<0,0001 e r=0,62; p<0,0001, respectivamente). Conclusão: Conclui-se que a obesidade e a doença periodontal aumentam o risco à eventos cardiovasculares.

Prevalence of Candida spp. during radiographic examination in Diabetes mellitus patients / Prevalência de Candida spp. durante o exame radiográfico em pacientes diabéticos

Introdução: Relata-se que indivíduos diabéticos são mais susceptíveis a infecções por Candida que indivíduos saudáveis, especialmente se doença periodontal estiver associada. Objetivo: Este estudo propôs avaliar a prevalência de colonização por Candida spp. durante o exame radiográfico em pacientes diabéticos e não diabéticos. Material e Método: Vinte e seis pacientes com Diabetes mellitus do tipo 2 e 20 pacientes sem Diabetes mellitus, apresentando periodontite crônica e Candida spp. na saliva, foram avaliados. Durante o exame radiográfico, amostras de saliva foram coletas: da mucosa oral, do filme radiográfico periapical convencional, sensor radiográfico digital (CDR) e bloco de mordida do posicionador de filmes. Unidades formadoras de colônia (cfu/mL) e identificação das leveduras do gênero Candida foram avaliadas. Resultado: A mucosa oral de ambos os grupos mostrou maior colonização por Candida spp. quando comparada com outras superfícies coletadas (p < 0.05). Nos pacientes diabéticos, a mucosa da região esquerda superior mostrou níveis mais altos de colonização. Nos pacientes não diabéticos, a região de molar superior direito mostrou o nível mais alto de colonização durante o exame no posicionador, no sensor e no lado do filme periapical que não fica voltado para a radiação X. Os níveis de Candida spp. na saliva foram similares entre diabéticos (média = 3.0 × 10(6)) e não diabéticos (média = 3.8 × 10(6)). Conclusão: Nenhuma diferença na colonização por Candida spp. (cfu/mL) em pacientes diabéticos e não diabéticos foi observada nas cinco superfícies coletadas e nas regiões radiográficas simuladas. Candida albicans foi a espécie prevalente de Candida spp. encontrada em todas as amostras.

Introduction: It is suggested that individuals with diabetes are more susceptible to Candida infections than healthy people, especially if periodontal infection is associated. Objective: This study evaluated the prevalence of colonization by Candida spp. during radiographic examination in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Material and Methods: Twenty-six patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 20 patients without diabetes mellitus, presenting chronic periodontitis and presence of Candida spp. in saliva were evaluated. During radiographic examination, samples of saliva were collected from: oral mucosa, conventional radiographic periapical film, digital x-ray sensor (CDR), and bite block of the receptor-positioning device. Colony forming units (cfu/mL) and identification of Candida yeasts were assessed. Result: Oral mucosa from both groups showed the highest colonization with Candida spp. if compared with others surfaces collected (p < 0.05). In diabetic patients, the mucosa of the upper left regions showed higher levels of colonization. In non-diabetic patients, the upper right molar region showed the highest level of colonization during the examination of the receptor-positioning device, the sensor and the non-sensitive film. Candida spp. levels in saliva were similar between diabetics (mean = 3.0 × 10(6)) and non-diabetics (mean = 3.8 × 10(6)). Conclusion: No difference in Candida spp. colonization (cfu/mL) in diabetics and non-diabetic patients was observed for the five collected surfaces and the simulated radiographic region. Candida albicans was the prevalent species of Candida spp. found on all the samples.